微服务架构下的OJ系统用户管理实战

微服务架构下的在线OJ系统C端用户管理设计与实现

技术栈选型

Spring Cloud Alibaba作为微服务框架核心，Nacos实现服务注册与配置管理，Sentinel进行流量控制。用户服务独立部署，采用Spring Security OAuth2实现认证授权，JWT作为令牌标准。数据存储使用MySQL分库分表，Redis缓存热点数据。

数据库设计遵循三范式，用户表包含基础信息、权限标识和统计字段。分库策略按用户ID哈希取值，读写分离通过ShardingSphere实现。缓存采用多级策略，本地Caffeine缓存高频访问数据，Redis集群存储会话信息。

认证授权流程

用户登录请求经过API网关路由到认证服务，密码采用BCrypt强哈希处理。成功认证后签发JWT，包含用户角色和权限信息。网关层统一校验令牌有效性，RBAC模型控制接口访问权限。

权限数据实时性通过Redis Pub/Sub保证，权限变更时通知各服务更新缓存。敏感操作需二次验证，短信验证码通过阿里云短信服务发送，验证结果存入Redis并设置5分钟过期时间。

// JWT令牌生成示例
public String generateToken(UserDetails userDetails) {
    Map<String, Object> claims = new HashMap<>();
    claims.put("roles", userDetails.getAuthorities());
    return Jwts.builder()
            .setClaims(claims)
            .setSubject(userDetails.getUsername())
            .setExpiration(new Date(System.currentTimeMillis() + 3600_000))
            .signWith(SignatureAlgorithm.HS512, secretKey)
            .compact();
}

高并发处理

用户注册采用验证码防刷策略，同一IP限频10次/小时。查询接口使用BloomFilter防止缓存穿透，热点数据预加载到Redis。数据库压力大时启用降级策略，非核心字段异步更新。

分布式锁控制并发操作，Redisson实现秒杀场景的库存扣减。消息队列解耦耗时操作，RabbitMQ处理积分变更和日志记录。监控体系集成Prometheus和Grafana，关键指标设置报警阈值。

// 分布式锁使用示例
public boolean updateUserBalance(Long userId, BigDecimal amount) {
    RLock lock = redissonClient.getLock("user:" + userId);
    try {
        if (lock.tryLock(3, 10, TimeUnit.SECONDS)) {
            // 业务逻辑
            return true;
        }
    } finally {
        lock.unlock();
    }
    return false;
}

安全防护措施

XSS过滤通过自定义HttpServletRequestWrapper实现，SQL注入防护使用PreparedStatement。敏感数据加密存储，密钥由KMS托管。操作日志全量记录，审计功能支持行为追溯。

HTTPS强制启用，CSP头限制资源加载。定期漏洞扫描纳入CI流程，OWASP Top10风险项全部覆盖。灾备方案包括数据库定时快照和日志增量同步，服务降级预案经过全链路压测验证。

性能优化实践

Nginx负载均衡搭配Keepalived高可用，静态资源走CDN加速。Feign调用启用Hystrix熔断，超时时间分级设置。数据库查询强制走索引，大批量操作改为分页处理。

JVM参数针对服务特点调优，GC日志接入ELK分析。Arthas在线诊断解决性能瓶颈，SkyWalking跟踪跨服务调用链。容量规划基于TPS历史数据，自动扩缩容由K8s HPA触发。

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