从零到一：C语言计算器开发全记录

初识C语言：从零开始的迷茫

刚开始接触C语言时，面对陌生的语法和复杂的逻辑，感到无从下手。教材上的示例代码看起来简单，但真正动手编写时却频频出错。最基本的输入输出函数printf和scanf都需要反复调试才能正确使用。指针的概念更是让人一头雾水，常常因为地址操作错误导致程序崩溃。

设计计算器功能：需求分析与规划

确定计算器需要实现基本四则运算、科学计算（如平方根、对数）和单位转换等功能。将项目拆解为多个模块：用户界面、输入处理、运算逻辑和结果输出。每个模块单独设计，逐步实现。使用switch-case结构处理不同运算类型，避免复杂的嵌套条件判断。

核心算法实现：从简单到复杂

四则运算通过+、-、*、/运算符直接实现，但需处理除零错误：

if (b == 0) {
    printf("Error: Division by zero\n");
} else {
    result = a / b;
}

科学计算函数调用math.h库：

#include <math.h>
double squareRoot(double x) {
    return sqrt(x);
}

单位转换模块采用查表法存储换算比率：

float convertCurrency(float amount, float rate) {
    return amount * rate;
}

调试与优化：痛苦的试错过程

最初的版本频繁出现段错误（Segmentation Fault），通过gdb调试发现是数组越界访问。输入处理不完善导致非法字符引发异常，增加输入验证：

if (scanf("%f", &num) != 1) {
    while (getchar() != '\n'); // 清空输入缓冲区
    printf("Invalid input\n");
}

内存泄漏问题通过Valgrind工具检测，及时释放动态分配的内存：

free(buffer);

用户界面改进：提升交互体验

原始命令行界面简陋，添加彩色输出和菜单系统：

printf("\033[1;32m==== Calculator Menu ====\033[0m\n");

实现历史记录功能，将运算结果保存到文件：

FILE *log = fopen("history.txt", "a");
fprintf(log, "%.2f + %.2f = %.2f\n", a, b, result);
fclose(log);

最终成果与反思

完成的计算器支持20多种运算，具有错误恢复机制和持久化存储。过程中深刻体会到：模块化设计降低复杂度，防御性编程提高健壮性，版本控制（如Git）管理代码变更至关重要。初学者应从小项目入手，逐步积累调试经验，善用社区资源解决具体问题。

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