Django实战：从入门到API开发全指南

Django入门：环境搭建与项目初始化

安装Python（建议3.8+版本）和pip后，通过命令pip install django安装最新稳定版Django。使用django-admin startproject projectname创建新项目，python manage.py runserver启动开发服务器，访问http://127.0.0.1:8000验证安装成功。

配置虚拟环境是行业最佳实践，推荐使用python -m venv venv创建隔离环境。项目结构中的settings.py需重点配置ALLOWED_HOSTS、DATABASES和INSTALLED_APPS，其中数据库默认SQLite，生产环境可切换PostgreSQL或MySQL。

核心概念解析：MTV设计模式

Django采用MTV（Model-Template-View）变种模式。Models通过models.py定义数据结构和数据库关系，支持字段类型如CharField、ForeignKey等。Views处理业务逻辑，分为函数视图和基于类的视图（CBV），常用类包括ListView、DetailView。

Templates使用Django模板语言（DTL），支持模板继承和标签过滤。URL路由通过urls.py配置，path()和re_path()实现URL映射，include()支持模块化路由设计。中间件和信号机制提供请求/响应处理的钩子函数。

高级功能实战：REST API开发

安装DRF（Django REST Framework）扩展包：pip install djangorestframework。序列化器将模型实例转换为JSON数据，视图集（ViewSets）自动生成CRUD接口。在settings.py添加rest_framework到INSTALLED_APPS，配置默认权限和分页策略。

# serializers.py示例
from rest_framework import serializers
from .models import Article

class ArticleSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):
    class Meta:
        model = Article
        fields = '__all__'

JWT认证需安装djangorestframework-simplejwt，配置DEFAULT_AUTHENTICATION_CLASSES使用JWTAuthentication。Swagger文档集成可通过drf-yasg实现自动化API文档生成。

性能优化策略

数据库层面使用select_related和prefetch_related解决N+1查询问题，annotate()和aggregate()减少Python层计算。缓存系统支持Memcached和Redis，配置CACHES设置并运用@cache_page装饰视图。

异步任务选用Celery+RabbitMQ组合，设置CELERY_BROKER_URL并定义tasks.py。静态文件通过whitenoise中间件优化，生产环境推荐使用CDN分发。Gunicorn或UWSGI作为ASGI服务器部署，配合Nginx实现负载均衡。

安全加固方案

启用SECURE_SSL_REDIRECT强制HTTPS，设置CSRF_COOKIE_SECURE和SESSION_COOKIE_SECURE。使用django-environ管理敏感配置，.env文件加入.gitignore。权限系统通过PermissionRequiredMixin实现细粒度控制，定期审计依赖项漏洞。

SQL注入防护由ORM自动处理，XSS防护启用模板自动转义。速率限制配置DEFAULT_THROTTLE_RATES防御暴力破解，关键操作应实现二次验证。安全头部署包括X-Frame-Options和Content-Security-Policy。

测试与持续集成

单元测试继承django.test.TestCase，客户端模拟HTTP请求。工厂模式使用factory_boy生成测试数据，覆盖率工具coverage.py生成报告。CI/CD流程示例：

# .github/workflows/django.yml
name: Django CI
on: [push]
jobs:
  test:
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    steps:
    - uses: actions/checkout@v2
    - name: Run tests
      run: |
        pip install -r requirements.txt
        python manage.py test

性能测试采用Locust模拟并发用户，APM工具如New Relic监控生产环境。日志配置需定义LOGGING字典，ELK栈实现日志集中分析。蓝绿部署策略通过环境变量切换数据库连接。

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