SpringBoot整合RabbitMQ实战指南
SpringBoot + RabbitMQ 消息队列案例详解
环境准备与依赖配置
确保开发环境已安装JDK 1.8+、Maven 3.6+和RabbitMQ 3.8+。在SpringBoot项目的pom.xml中添加以下依赖：
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-boot-starter-amqp</artifactId>
</dependency>
在application.yml中配置RabbitMQ连接信息：
spring:
rabbitmq:
host: localhost
port: 5672
username: guest
password: guest
virtual-host: /
消息队列基础配置
创建交换机和队列的配置类，使用@Configuration注解声明Bean。以下是直连交换机（Direct Exchange）的配置示例：
@Configuration
public class RabbitMQConfig {
@Bean
public DirectExchange directExchange() {
return new DirectExchange("direct.exchange");
}
@Bean
public Queue testQueue() {
return new Queue("test.queue", true);
}
@Bean
public Binding binding(Queue testQueue, DirectExchange directExchange) {
return BindingBuilder.bind(testQueue).to(directExchange).with("test.routingKey");
}
}
消息生产者实现
通过RabbitTemplate发送消息到指定队列。在Service层注入模板并调用转换方法：
@Service
public class MessageProducer {
@Autowired
private RabbitTemplate rabbitTemplate;
public void sendMessage(String message) {
rabbitTemplate.convertAndSend(
"direct.exchange",
"test.routingKey",
message
);
}
}
消息消费者实现
使用@RabbitListener注解监听指定队列，实现异步消息处理：
@Component
public class MessageConsumer {
@RabbitListener(queues = "test.queue")
public void handleMessage(String message) {
System.out.println("Received message: " + message);
// 业务逻辑处理
}
}
消息确认机制配置
在配置文件中启用手动ACK模式，确保消息可靠消费：
spring:
rabbitmq:
listener:
simple:
acknowledge-mode: manual
修改消费者代码实现手动确认：
@RabbitListener(queues = "test.queue")
public void handleMessage(String message, Channel channel, @Header(AmqpHeaders.DELIVERY_TAG) long tag) throws IOException {
try {
// 业务处理
channel.basicAck(tag, false);
} catch (Exception e) {
channel.basicNack(tag, false, true);
}
}
死信队列实现
为队列配置死信交换机，处理消费失败的消息：
@Bean
public Queue dlqQueue() {
return QueueBuilder.durable("dlq.queue")
.withArgument("x-dead-letter-exchange", "dlx.exchange")
.withArgument("x-dead-letter-routing-key", "dlx.routingKey")
.build();
}
消息序列化优化
自定义消息转换器，使用JSON格式传输复杂对象：
@Bean
public MessageConverter jsonMessageConverter() {
return new Jackson2JsonMessageConverter();
}
性能监控与调优
集成SpringBoot Actuator监控RabbitMQ指标：
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-boot-starter-actuator</artifactId>
</dependency>
配置端点暴露：
management:
endpoints:
web:
exposure:
include: health,metrics,rabbit
测试验证方案
编写JUnit测试用例验证消息收发：
@SpringBootTest
class RabbitMQTest {
@Autowired
private MessageProducer producer;
@Test
void testSendAndReceive() throws InterruptedException {
producer.sendMessage("Test Message");
Thread.sleep(1000); // 等待消费者处理
}
}
该实现方案完整覆盖了消息队列的核心功能，包括可靠投递、异常处理和性能监控，适用于订单处理、日志收集等典型场景。实际应用中可根据业务需求调整交换机类型和路由策略。
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