Spring Boot纯领域驱动设计实战

基于Spring Boot的DDD实战（不依赖框架）

领域驱动设计（DDD）核心概念

领域驱动设计是一种以业务领域为核心的软件设计方法，强调通过领域模型解决复杂业务问题。核心概念包括：

领域模型：通过实体、值对象、聚合根等建模业务逻辑。
限界上下文：明确业务边界，避免模型混杂。
分层架构：通常分为用户界面层、应用层、领域层和基础设施层。

不依赖框架的DDD实现

在Spring Boot中实现DDD时，避免依赖特定框架（如Spring Data JPA的注解侵入领域模型），需遵循以下原则：

领域层纯净性：领域对象（实体、值对象）不依赖任何框架注解，仅包含业务逻辑。
基础设施适配：通过接口与实现分离，将持久化、消息等细节委托给基础设施层。

示例代码：

// 领域模型：无框架依赖的聚合根  
public class Order {  
    private String orderId;  
    private List<OrderItem> items;  

    public void addItem(Product product, int quantity) {  
        // 业务逻辑校验  
        items.add(new OrderItem(product, quantity));  
    }  
}  

// 基础设施层：Spring Data JPA适配  
@Repository  
public class OrderRepositoryImpl implements OrderRepository {  
    @Autowired  
    private JpaOrderDao jpaDao;  

    @Override  
    public void save(Order order) {  
        jpaDao.save(convertToEntity(order));  
    }  
}

分层架构实践

用户界面层
处理HTTP请求，调用应用服务：

@RestController  
public class OrderController {  
    @Autowired  
    private OrderApplicationService appService;  

    @PostMapping("/orders")  
    public ResponseEntity<String> createOrder(@RequestBody OrderDTO dto) {  
        appService.createOrder(dto);  
        return ResponseEntity.ok("Order created");  
    }  
}

应用层
协调领域对象与基础设施，无业务逻辑：

@Service  
public class OrderApplicationService {  
    @Autowired  
    private OrderRepository repository;  

    public void createOrder(OrderDTO dto) {  
        Order order = new Order(dto.getOrderId());  
        repository.save(order);  
    }  
}

领域层
核心业务逻辑，独立于框架：

public class OrderService {  
    public void validateOrder(Order order) {  
        if (order.getItems().isEmpty()) {  
            throw new IllegalStateException("Order must have items");  
        }  
    }  
}

关键注意事项

避免贫血模型：将业务逻辑放入领域对象，而非Service类。
聚合根设计：确保聚合内的一致性，通过根实体访问子对象。
测试驱动：优先编写领域层的单元测试，验证业务规则。

实战建议

从限界上下文开始：明确业务边界，例如“订单”与“库存”为不同上下文。
事件驱动扩展：通过领域事件解耦业务逻辑，如订单创建后发布OrderCreatedEvent。
代码组织：按模块分包（如com.example.order.domain），而非按技术分层。

通过以上方法，可在Spring Boot中实现高内聚、低耦合的DDD架构，同时保持领域模型的独立性。

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