Spring Boot核心注解速查指南
Spring Boot 常用注解分类整理
Spring Boot 提供了丰富的注解，用于简化开发流程、配置管理和组件定义。以下分类整理了常见的注解及其用法示例。
核心注解
@SpringBootApplication
组合注解，包含 @Configuration、@EnableAutoConfiguration 和 @ComponentScan，用于标记主启动类。
@SpringBootApplication
public class MyApplication {
public static void main(String[] args) {
SpringApplication.run(MyApplication.class, args);
}
}
@RestController
标记类为 RESTful 控制器，自动将返回值序列化为 JSON/XML。
@RestController
@RequestMapping("/api")
public class UserController {
@GetMapping("/users")
public List<User> getUsers() {
return userService.findAll();
}
}
依赖注入与组件扫描
@Component
通用组件注解，标记类为 Spring 管理的 Bean。
@Component
public class MyComponent {
// 业务逻辑
}
@Service
标记类为业务逻辑层组件。
@Service
public class UserService {
public List<User> findAll() {
// 查询逻辑
}
}
@Repository
标记类为数据访问层组件，通常用于 DAO 或 JPA 接口。
@Repository
public interface UserRepository extends JpaRepository<User, Long> {
}
@Autowired
自动注入依赖，可配合 @Qualifier 指定具体 Bean。
@Service
public class OrderService {
@Autowired
private UserRepository userRepository;
}
配置相关注解
@Configuration
标记类为配置类，定义 Bean 的创建方式。
@Configuration
public class AppConfig {
@Bean
public DataSource dataSource() {
return new HikariDataSource();
}
}
@Value
注入配置文件中的属性值。
@Value("${app.name}")
private String appName;
@ConfigurationProperties
批量绑定配置属性到 Java 对象。
@ConfigurationProperties(prefix = "database")
public class DatabaseConfig {
private String url;
private String username;
// getters & setters
}
Web 相关注解
@RequestMapping
定义请求映射路径，支持类级别和方法级别。
@RestController
@RequestMapping("/api/users")
public class UserController {
@GetMapping("/{id}")
public User getUser(@PathVariable Long id) {
return userService.findById(id);
}
}
@GetMapping / @PostMapping
简化 HTTP 方法映射的快捷注解。
@PostMapping("/create")
public User createUser(@RequestBody User user) {
return userService.save(user);
}
@PathVariable
提取 URL 路径中的变量。
@GetMapping("/{id}")
public User getUser(@PathVariable Long id) {
// 逻辑
}
@RequestParam
提取查询参数或表单数据。
@GetMapping("/search")
public List<User> searchUsers(@RequestParam String keyword) {
return userService.search(keyword);
}
数据持久化注解
@Entity
标记类为 JPA 实体。
@Entity
public class User {
@Id
@GeneratedValue(strategy = GenerationType.IDENTITY)
private Long id;
private String name;
}
@Transactional
声明事务边界，适用于方法或类。
@Service
public class OrderService {
@Transactional
public void placeOrder(Order order) {
// 事务操作
}
}
测试相关注解
@SpringBootTest
标记测试类，加载完整的 Spring 上下文。
@SpringBootTest
public class UserServiceTest {
@Autowired
private UserService userService;
}
@Test
标记测试方法。
@Test
public void testFindUser() {
User user = userService.findById(1L);
assertNotNull(user);
}
条件注解
@ConditionalOnProperty
根据配置属性条件化加载 Bean。
@Bean
@ConditionalOnProperty(name = "feature.enabled", havingValue = "true")
public FeatureService featureService() {
return new FeatureServiceImpl();
}
@Profile
指定 Bean 或配置仅在特定 Profile 下生效。
@Configuration
@Profile("dev")
public class DevConfig {
// 开发环境配置
}
异步与定时任务
@Async
标记方法为异步执行。
@Service
public class NotificationService {
@Async
public void sendEmail(String email) {
// 异步发送邮件
}
}
@Scheduled
定义定时任务执行规则。
@Scheduled(fixedRate = 5000)
public void refreshCache() {
// 每 5 秒执行一次
}
以上注解覆盖了 Spring Boot 开发中的常见场景，合理使用可显著提升开发效率。
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